Tunable and self-reporting esterase-activated cyanide prodrugs exert cytoprotective effects

Abstract

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is increasingly recognized as a mammalian gasotransmitter with biphasic biological effects, but its study is limited by the lack of controllable delivery tools. Here we report esterase-activated, self-reporting cyanide donors with tunable release kinetics and fluorogenic readout. Upon esterase activation, the donors synchronously release cyanide and regenerate an ICT-based fluorophore. Steric modulation at the cyanohydrin α-carbon controls the release rate over one order of magnitude (kobs = 0.04–0.83 min−1). In cell-based assays, biological outcomes correlate with cyanide generation rate rather than nominal donor concentration, producing proliferation at low rates and toxicity at higher rates. Cytoprotection occurs within an experimentally observed range of 0.3–0.7 nmol mg−1 protein h−1 under these conditions. In the MCAO model, the lead donor Et-1 administered at 1 μmol kg−1 (0.3 mg kg−1) reduces infarct volume and attenuates lipid peroxidation and inflammation. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is traditionally regarded as a highly toxic industrial pollutant, but growing evidence suggests that, at low concentrations, it can act as an endogenous signaling molecule with gasotransmitter-like properties. Here, the authors develop a series of esterase-activated cyanide donors featuring tunable release kinetics and concomitant fluorophore generation, enabling self-reporting cyanide delivery through fluorescence. As a key result, the optimized donor Et-1 displayed therapeutic activity in a mouse ischemia–reperfusion model, achieving efficacy at doses as low as 0.3 mg kg⁻¹.