Tracing star formation across the Rosette nebula using deep Spitzer imaging
Abstract
We present a deep large-scale infrared survey of young stellar objects in the Rosette Nebula. Our analysis is based on stacked archival Spitzer/IRAC images. The images have been treated with the software DeNeb to remove nebulous emission. Our catalogue contains ∼20000 sources with photometry in all 4 IRAC bands from 3.6 to 8.0 μm, complemented with near-infrared and optical data. From this database, we identify YSOs using multi-filter colour-colour criteria. We select 1528 YSOs, from which 1303 are Class II and 225 are Class I. Using this sample, we compile a list of clusters and groups of YSOs in the Rosette region, including previously known ones, plus three newly identified groups. Using our census of YSOs, in combination with the literature, we derive the Class I ratios and disk fractions for clusters in the nebula. The main clusters in the central cavity, NGC 2244 and NGC 2237 are almost devoid of Class I sources, indicating that star formation has ceased in this area. On the other hand, in an annulus around the centre with radii of 11-16 pc, roughly coinciding with the expanding HII front, about 30% of the YSOs are Class I, a clear sign of ongoing star formation. Other groups further out in the cloud also exhibit a high Class I ratio. Similar patterns are seen in the disk fractions. Our results are consistent with possible triggering by the expanding HII region, combined with star formation beyond the ionisation front.