Oct 2026· Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
Abstract
A proof strategy is an object with a shape, and the shape can be wrong before a single lemma is attempted. We study one such strategy for Goldbach's conjecture — the proposal to cover the even numbers by an expanding family of graphs on prime states, so that a spectral gap forces the count of prime-pair representations to stay positive. The strategy names its own graph: a finite carrier of Zeckendorf words with an append-rule for edges. We compute that graph's Laplacian spectrum and find that the eigenvalue it needs is not there. The prime φ-graph is disconnected — its algebraic connectivity is exactly zero — and by the Fiedler equivalence between a positive gap and connectivity, no expander witness can live on it. The consequence is a theorem, not a difficulty: any hypothesis of eventual expansion forces eventual connectivity, yet the strategy's own carrier is disconnected at the size where we certify it, so the expansion hypothesis has no model there. The route is obstructed on the object it names; whether the obstruction persists at every size — closing the route with no escape — is a sharp conjecture we state but do not prove. We reach this result by auditing a machine-produced formalization that had packaged the same strategy as a conditional theorem — an implication from four labelled hypotheses and a large-range bridge to Goldbach that type-checked, carried no sorry, and depended on no exotic axiom, while being a tautology: two of its four hypotheses do no work in the proof, a third is a theorem the library already proves, and the bridge that actually carries the argument is Goldbach-for-large-n wearing the clothing of a convolution. A proof that compiles and means nothing is more dangerous than one that admits it is unfinished. The obstruction we extract is the honest residue of that audit: the reason the strategy fails, made into mathematics that a kernel checks. That obstruction turns out to be one face of a single positivity bridge — an equivalence between a vanishing invariant and a failing property — that also generates the paper's arithmetic content; in its pure form the schema is axiom-free, and it identifies the missing eigenvalue as a hole, the ground floor of a graded tower of obstructions. We prove nothing about Goldbach itself. We prove where one road to it ends, and why the ending was invisible until the spectrum was read. Published by The Institute for Applied Ontological Mathematics.
This publication proposes a definition and a classification of agile software development approaches and analyses ten software development methods that can be characterized as being "agile" against the defined criterion.
P. Abrahamsson, O. Salo, Jussi Ronkainen et al.· arXiv.org· 727 citations· ⚡54
The study shows that agile practices improve both informal and formal communication, but indicates that, in larger development situations involving multiple external stakeholders, a mismatch of adequate communication mechanisms can sometimes even hinder the communication.
M. Pikkarainen, Jukka Haikara, O. Salo et al.· Empirical Software Engineeri...· 401 citations· ⚡48
The results indicate that software engineering work practices are chosen opportunistically, adapted and configured to provide value under the constrains imposed by the startup context.
Nicolò Paternoster, Carmine Giardino, M. Unterkalmsteiner et al.· Information and Software Tec...· 394 citations· ⚡54
The perception of the impact of agile methods is predominantly positive, and several challenge areas were discovered, but based on this study, agile methods are here to stay.
M. Laanti, O. Salo, P. Abrahamsson· Information and Software Tec...· 260 citations· ⚡20
Related blog posts
MIT News · Artificial Intelligence· news.mit.eduOct 15, 2026
A new computational approach reveals how cells communicate to assemble into tissues. This could accelerate stem cell engineering, improve disease models, and inform therapies.
Microsoft Research Blog· microsoft.comOct 15, 2026
Zero-knowledge proofs can verify computing results without rerunning workloads or exposing sensitive data. Magnetar helps bring them into the mainstream with support for standard programming languages, major speed gains, and quantum-resistant security. The post Proof-based general-purpose computing with Magnetar appeared first on Microsoft Research.
MIT News · Artificial Intelligence· news.mit.eduOct 8, 2026