Konsep Akad dalam Al-Qur’an: Analisis Tafsir Al-Baghawi dan Relevansinya terhadap Transaksi Kontemporer

Abstract

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the concept of contracts (‘aqd) in the Qur’an from the perspective of Imam al-Baghawi’s Tafsir Ma‘ālim al-Tanzīl and its relevance to the dynamics of contemporary transactions. This study employs a qualitative approach based on library research, using content analysis to examine Qur’anic verses concerning contractual obligations, particularly Q.S. al-Mā’idah [5]: 1, Q.S. al-Isrā’ [17]: 34, and Q.S. al-Baqarah [2]: 282. The findings indicate that Imam al-Baghawi conceptualizes ‘aqd not merely as a formal instrument of civil law, but as a theological and ethical bond reflecting the quality of a Muslim’s faith. Al-Baghawi emphasizes the principles of mutual consent (riḍā), justice (‘adl), honesty (ṣidq), and dispute mitigation through written documentation (kitābah) and witnessing (ishhād). In the contemporary context, al-Baghawi’s perspective offers preventive and ethical solutions to various challenges in digital transactions and Islamic economics, particularly in preventing injustice, manipulative contractual clauses, and fraud.