Survey of Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies and Risk Factors in Small Ruminants in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria: A Cross‐Sectional Serological Study

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted through mosquito bites commonly reported in low‐ to medium‐income countries such as Nigeria. It impacts livestock productivity and trade, causing abortions and high rates of mortality, particularly among young animals. Objectives A cross‐sectional study was aimed to determine the presence of RVF virus antibodies (anti‐RVFV IgG antibodies) and to identify related risk factors in small ruminants within Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Methods Ninety‐six blood samples were collected; information on species, age and sex of the animals was recorded; history of flooding was assessed based on farmer report and observation. The study used a commercial ELISA kit (competitive, multispecies) to identify the presence of RVF virus antibodies, in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. Results This study established an overall seroprevalence of RVFV antibodies of 47.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.9–57.9) in small ruminants. The prevalence rate for sheep was higher (52.1%) compared to goats (43.8%). Females (68.6%), young animals (51.2%) and places flooded (68.3%) showed a higher seroprevalence. The findings indicate that age (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1–5.2), sex (OR:2.8; 95% CI: 1.2–6.2) and proximity to flood‐prone areas (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0–4.3) were significant (p ≤ 0.05) risk factors for the RVF virus. Conclusion The studies indicate previous exposure and potential epidemiological role of small ruminants in RVF virus transmission in Maiduguri Metropolis. It is recommended that regular monitoring and effective surveillance be carried out; mosquito vector populations be regulated during flooding or rainy seasons and the public be informed about the disease's impact on humans, livestock and the economy.