Epidemiological Trend and Pattern of Facial Fracture from Road Traffic Accidents in Nineveh

Abstract

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of maxillofacial trauma, with facial fractures resulting in significant functional, aesthetic, and socioeconomic consequences. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological trends and patterns of facial fractures resulting from RTAs in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Emergency Department of Al-Salam Teaching Hospital. Medical records from January 2025 to April 2026 were reviewed. A total of 724 patients with radiologically confirmed facial fractures caused by RTAs were included. Demographic, injury-related, fracture pattern, associated injury, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Results: Young adults aged 21–30 years represented the largest age group (29.1%), while males predominated (73.6%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. Drivers were the most frequently affected road users (292 cases), followed by passengers (198) and motorcyclists (163). The highest incidence occurred during spring (31.2%). Mandibular fractures were the most common facial fractures (298 cases), followed by zygomatic fractures (172) and nasal fractures (105). Parasymphyseal fractures were the most frequent mandibular fracture site (73 cases). Associated soft-tissue injuries occurred in 345 patients, with lacerations being the most common. Open reduction was the predominant treatment modality (405 patients). Complete recovery was achieved in 695 patients, while major complications and mortality were uncommon.