Jul 2026· International Science and Technology Journal· Vol 39, pp. 1-20· 0 citations
TL;DR
An innovative decentralized framework that integrates blockchain-based tokenization with a Knowledge-Underpinned Layer (KUL) to enable incentive-based intelligent routing and optimizes routing decisions by integrating semantic insights and contextual data, allowing for more informed, context-aware path selection.
Abstract
The problem of self-interested nodes remains a major challenge in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), as individual nodes tend to prioritize the conservation of limited resources such as power and bandwidth at the expense of ensuring global network connectivity. This behavior negatively impacts network efficiency, leading to reduced reliability, a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), and increased communication latency.
This study proposes an innovative decentralized framework—Tokenized Mobile Semantic Smart Mesh Networks (TMSSMN)—that integrates blockchain-based tokenization with a Knowledge-Underpinned Layer (KUL) to enable incentive-based intelligent routing. The proposed system introduces a pay-per-hop mechanism, where nodes earn rewards through secure micropayments managed by smart contracts for packet forwarding. This approach ensures fairness, transparency, and trust without relying on a central authority. Furthermore, the KUL optimizes routing decisions by integrating semantic insights and contextual data, allowing for more informed, context-aware path selection.
Keywords: MANET, Blockchain, Tokenization, Incentive-based Routing, Smart Contracts, Knowledge-Underpinned Layer (KUL), Cooperative Routing, Packet Delivery Ratio.
The proposed OIBTO framework employs a lightweight Proof-of-Authority consensus within a two-tier architecture consisting of a vehicle layer and an edge layer, and proposes an Improved Starfish Optimization Algorithm (ISFOA) that utilizes chaotic mapping and genetic mutation to optimize offloading decisions and task partitioning ratios, aiming to minimize a priority-weighted combination of latency and energy consumption.
With the evolution of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) toward distribution and servitization, multi-controller architectures have been widely adopted to enhance scalability. However, such architectures face challenges in inter-domain trust and scalability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-enabled trusted routing scheme for SDN inter-domain communication, denoted as BTR-SDN. First, a multi-dimensional model based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is designed to quantify node trust values, and a sliding-window trust recovery mechanism with a time-decay factor is introduced to enable penalized nodes to regain trust through compliant behaviors gradually. Second, a trust-aware hierarchical topology reconstruction and route-pruning mechanism is introduced to adaptively adjust the network view and path selection strategy based on trust evaluation results. Third, to address scalability bottlenecks, we construct a layered “on-chain anchoring + off-chain storage” architecture. Critical trust proofs are anchored on-chain for attestation, while voluminous routing data is stored off-chain. Experimental results demonstrate that BTR-SDN achieves a 20.5% higher malicious node detection rate and improves bandwidth utilization by 10.7% compared to benchmark schemes, maintaining high throughput even under dynamic adversarial conditions.
Shuang Yang, Zhongsheng Jiang, Wansu Pan et al.· Journal of Network and Syste...· 0 citations
A blockchain-based dynamically adaptive restructuring framework that enables real-time IoV cluster restructuring by splitting overloaded IoVs to reduce communication overhead, or merging nearby IoVs to optimize resource utilization, offering a proactive, adaptive security paradigm for intelligent transportation frameworks.
Jiawei Shi, Yebo Feng, Konglin Zhu et al.· ACM Transactions on Internet...· 0 citations
The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) provides a way for drivers or vehicles to communicate with each other in a more effective manner, however, there are still many issues with respect to different aspects of security, trust management, and delivering information reliably between two nodes. This study presents a way to facilitate Security in a VANET through a Trust-Aware, Block chain-Supported Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Framework. This Framework allows for more efficient dissemination of secure information in VANETs, making use of the requested/forwarding of Content In-Networks by Caching, which ideally would provide fast access to content and maintain availability and reduced latency for users within the network. A Trust Evaluation Module is employed to determine Node Behavior via the Packet-Forwarding Ratio of Nodes as well as the Validity of Packet-Content being forwarded. Blockchain Technology is used to hold Trust Records using PBFT Consensus, where records of malicious nodes identified. Lastly, Adaptive Trust Thresholds, Probabilistic Caching, and Malicious Content Filtering are utilized for Trust-Aware Forwarding and Caching mechanisms based upon calculated Trust Values with the intent to ensure the delivery of verified Data and to improve Network Performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a PDR of 98%, higher throughput, reduced delay, and lower packet loss compared to existing approaches, confirming its effectiveness in providing secure and reliable VANET communication under attack conditions.
Jinsha Lawrence, S. Pradeepa, R. T. Kumar et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Simulation results show that compared with standard PBFT, Q-PBFT, and APBFT, H-PBFT exhibits significant advantages in consensus latency, throughput, and view switching recovery time, and maintains high system robustness even in complex network environments with malicious nodes.
Zhenhua Wang, Jiangang Hu, Xinmeng Wang et al.· Future Internet· 0 citations