Antimicrobial nanoparticle-modified dental materials for prevention of oral biofilm formation: a systematic review

Abstract

Oral biofilms are major contributors to dental caries, periodontitis and peri-implant infections. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the antibiofilm efficacy and mechanisms of nanoparticle (NP)-modified dental materials. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, DOAJ, ACM Digital Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for studies published from January 2015 to May 2024. Out of 280 screened records, 22 studies met the eligibility criteria. Evaluated NPs included silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, hydroxyapatite, silica-chlorhexidine, curcumin and azole-functionalized nanoparticles incorporated into various dental materials. Overall, NP incorporation demonstrated significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against key pathogens, primarily through reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption and inhibition of microbial adhesion. Low NP concentrations generally preserved or improved mechanical properties, whereas higher loadings occasionally compromised material integrity. QUIN assessment indicated medium risk of bias in 68% of studies and low risk in 32%. However, evidence remains predominantly laboratory-based, highlighting the need for standardized in vivo studies and clinical trials.