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Prime-powered images and irreducible polynomials in dynamical semigroups

Oct 2026 · Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Series B · 1 citation · 9 references

Abstract

<p> Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G equals mathematical left-angle x Superscript d Baseline plus c 1 comma ellipsis comma x Superscript d Baseline plus c Subscript s Baseline mathematical right-angle"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ⟨ </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> … </mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false"> ⟩ </mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G=\langle x^d+c_1,\dots ,x^d+c_s\rangle</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a semigroup generated under composition for some <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="c 1 comma ellipsis comma c Subscript s Baseline element-of double-struck upper Z"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo> … </mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ∈ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c_1,\dots ,c_s\in \mathbb {Z}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and some <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d greater-than-or-equal-to 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d\geq 2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Then we prove that, outside of an exceptional one-parameter family, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> contains a large and explicit subset of irreducible polynomials if and only if it contains at least one irreducible polynomial. In particular, this conclusion holds when <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper G"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is generated by at least <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="s greater-than-or-equal-to 3"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s\geq 3</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> polynomials when <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is odd, and at least <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="s greater-than-or-equal-to 5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s\geq 5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> polynomials when <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is even. To do this, we prove a classification result for prime powered iterates under <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="f left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis equals x Superscript d Baseline plus c"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(x)=x^d+c</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> when <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="c element-of double-struck upper Z"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ∈ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi mathvarian

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