Persistent regional hot-dry extremes identified by a novel cascading compound index and their possible association with ENSO transitions

Large-scale climate drivers of extreme compound events in the Amazon from interannual to long-term timescales (1982–2024)

Over recent decades Amazonia has experienced a marked intensification of floods and droughts. The record-breaking 2023–2024 drought, characterized by exceptional heat and dryness, motivates a closer analysis of compound extremes and their large-scale drivers. This study documents that the leading interannual variabilit...

Climate change has intensified exceptional El Ni˜no events like the 2026/27 forecast

A shift toward more severe and persistent compound hot–dry extremes across the Mongolian Plateau

Climate extremes have become increasingly frequent and severe worldwide under global warming. Among them, compound hot–dry events pose particularly acute threats to ecosystems, water resources, and agricultural systems, often producing greater impacts than heatwaves or droughts occurring alone. Using the ERA5-Land...

Asynchronous Changes in Tempo‐Spatial Patterns of the Younger Dryas Hydroclimate in Northeastern China

The Younger Dryas (YD, 12,900–11,700 years before present) event offers a key opportunity to investigate climate system responses to abrupt perturbations, yet regional hydroclimate responses in northeastern China remain debated. Here we reconstruct the spatial fingerprint of YD hydroclimate variability using a comprehe...

Temporal variability of extreme precipitation in Cotonou: stable climate signal and worsening urban flood impacts

Urban flooding has worsened significantly in Cotonou (major flood events in 2010, 2018, and 2020), yet this deterioration occurs against a backdrop of largely stable extreme precipitation. This study analyses the temporal variability of extreme precipitation indices in Cotonou over 40 years (1984–2024) in order to ex...

Global spatiotemporal evolution of compound heatwave–drought events and ENSO modulation