Virtual Reality and Other Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Reducing Dental Anxiety: A Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a common barrier to effective dental care and may lead to avoidance of visits, deterioration of oral health, and reduced cooperation during treatment. Growing interest in non-pharmacological methods has increased attention to virtual reality and other supportive interventions. Objective: This review assessed current evidence on the effectiveness of virtual reality and other non-pharmacological approaches in reducing dental anxiety and pain and improving patient cooperation. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of full-text English-language articles published between 2019 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed and reference list screening. Search terms covered dental anxiety, virtual reality, distraction, behavioral interventions, and other non-pharmacological techniques. Results: Virtual reality generally reduced dental anxiety and improved cooperation, particularly in pediatric patients. Some studies also reported beneficial effects on physiological stress indicators, while evidence for pain reduction remained inconsistent. Audiovisual distraction, breathing techniques, and behavioral preparation were also associated with favorable outcomes. Conclusions: Virtual reality is a useful adjunct in managing dental anxiety, especially in pediatric dentistry. Evidence is strongest for anxiety reduction and improved cooperation, whereas its effect on pain requires further research. Other non-pharmacological interventions may also support anxiety management.