Morphometric and Morphological Analysis of the Genial Tubercle in a Libyan Population by Sex: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Abstract

Detailed knowledge of genial tubercle (GT) morphology and orientation is critical for prosthodontic planning, implantology, sleep apnea surgery, and forensic identification. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric variations, categorical configurations, and sexual dimorphism of the GT in a Libyan population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A retrospective analysis of 200 high-resolution CBCT scans (100 males, 100 females) was conducted. Linear measurements including maximum horizontal and vertical GT diameters, distance to the central incisor apex, distance to the menton (GT–M), and symphyseal thickness were measured. Categorical morphological variations were classified. Total absence of genial tubercles was observed in only 0.5% of subjects (n = 1). Significant sexual dimorphism was identified across all measured parameters (p < 0.001). Males demonstrated significantly greater mean GT width (6.83 ±0.78 mm vs. 5.12±0.86mm) and vertical height (9.87±1.17 mm vs. 7.40±1.45 mm) than females. Morphologically, a median vertical ridge (24.5%) and paired superior tubercles with a single inferior fossa were predominant in males (n = 29 vs. n = 10), whereas the classical tetrad pattern was more prevalent in females (n = 18 vs. n = 7). Mean GT–M distance was 12.65±1.78 mm in males and 9.87±1.41mm in females. The genial tubercles exhibit marked anatomical heterogeneity and significant sexual dimorphism in the Libyan subpopulation. CBCT provides precise mapping of these features, offering crucial landmarks for surgical safety, prosthodontic retention, and forensic profiling.