Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles enable sustainable multifunctional textiles through diverse synthesis strategies and emerging applications

Abstract

Metal-based nanoparticle-functionalized textiles have emerged as promising multifunctional materials for healthcare, personal protection, wearable electronics, and environmental remediation. By incorporating nanoparticles such as Ag, Cu, ZnO, TiO₂, Au, Fe₃O₄, and WO₃, conventional fabrics can acquire antimicrobial, UV-protective, conductive, self-cleaning, catalytic, and radioprotective properties. However, their practical implementation remains limited by challenges related to nanoparticle synthesis, fiber adhesion, washing durability, toxicity, environmental release, and regulatory compliance. Although several reviews have discussed nanoparticle-functionalized textiles, most focus primarily on specific nanoparticle systems or individual applications, with limited critical comparison of synthesis strategies, quantitative performance, durability, toxicity, and regulatory aspects. To address this gap, this review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of recent advances in metal-based nanoparticle-functionalized textiles, with emphasis on synthesis routes, textile integration strategies, quantitative performance indicators, functional mechanisms, and emerging applications. Particular attention is given to the influence of nanoparticle loading, coating stability, washing protocols, and textile–nanoparticle interactions on long-term performance. The review also critically discusses current limitations, including the lack of standardized durability testing, limited comparability of toxicity data, insufficient evaluation of nanoparticle release under realistic use conditions, and regulatory challenges. Finally, future perspectives are presented, highlighting safer anchoring strategies, biodegradable and recyclable matrices, hybrid nanostructures, and data-driven optimization approaches to support the scalable development of durable, high-performance, and sustainable functional textiles.