Cell‐Based Biohybrid Micro/Nanorobots for Biotherapy

Abstract

Cell‐based biohybrid micro/nanorobots (CB‐BMRs), which integrate living cellular components with engineered materials, offer a promising solution to the limited biocompatibility and in vivo adaptability of conventional artificial micro/nanorobots. This review systematically evaluates cell selection criteria, four fabrication strategies, and the principal actuation modes. We then survey therapeutic applications in cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis, highlighting representative designs that enhance targeting, barrier penetration, and immune modulation. Finally, we identify critical barriers to clinical translation, including in vivo propulsion control, multifunctional integration, scalable manufacturing, and biosafety, and propose directions for future research, such as standardized evaluation metrics, intelligent responsive systems, and rigorous large‐animal testing. By synthesizing recent advances and unmet needs, this review aims to provide a roadmap for advancing CB‐BMRs toward practical biomedical applications.