Digital Competence and Technology Adoption in Vocational Education: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract

The digital transformation of vocational education and training (VET) represents one of the key prerequisites for developing a competent workforce capable of meeting the challenges of Industry 4.0 and the digital economy. However, the successful integration of digital technologies into the educational process requires adequate digital infrastructure, continuous professional development of teachers, and the enhancement of students' digital competencies. The aim of this study was to assess the current level of digital readiness in vocational education in Bosnia and Herzegovina by analysing digital competencies, the use of digital technologies, existing barriers, and the need for additional training among vocational secondary school teachers and students. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire involving 392 teachers and 1865 students from different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results indicate that digital tools have become an integral part of the teaching process, with most teachers demonstrating an intermediate level of digital competence, while students use a wide range of digital technologies on a daily basis, including artificial intelligence-based tools. The most significant barriers identified by respondents were the lack of adequate equipment and insufficient internet infrastructure. The findings suggest that Bosnia and Herzegovina has considerable potential for the digital transformation of vocational education; however, its successful implementation requires systematic improvements in digital infrastructure, continuous development of teachers' competencies, and the strategic integration of modern digital technologies into the education system.