MODERN CONCEPT OF EPIZOOTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL RABIES

Abstract

Rabies is a severe viral infection common to humans and animals, one of the most dangerous among numerous diseases classified as particularly dangerous zoanthroponoses. The Russian Federation is considered a rabies hotspot, and the global epizootic situation can currently be characterized as tense. This article describes the epizootic situation of rabies in animals globally and in the Russian Federation. Key aspects of the disease's spread, its biological characteristics, clinical presentation in various animal species, and modern laboratory diagnostic methods are considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of wild carnivores in maintaining natural foci of rabies infection, as well as the effectiveness of various immunization strategies for domestic, farm, and synanthropic animals. The fight against rabies in Russia is comprehensive. A key focus is mandatory vaccination of domestic animals using domestic and foreign inactivated vaccines (immunity lasts up to 12 months). In cities, coverage is 85-90%, and in rural areas, 50-60%. Oral vaccination via bait placement is used for wild predators. Stray animal population management is carried out through trap-neuter-vaccination-return (TNR) programs, which help control the population and health of stray animals. Veterinary and sanitary measures in affected areas include quarantine, vaccination, and movement restrictions. Regional epizootic patterns show that the Central Federal District is the most affected, while the situation is more stable in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. Effective rabies control requires a comprehensive approach, including vaccination, public education, and stray animal control.