A comprehensive review on osteoporosis in women and beneficial effects of antioxidants on osteoporosis: A systematic review.

Abstract

BackgroundThe effects of lack of vitamin D, calcium, obesity, age, and endocrine factors, as well as lifestyle-related factors like physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol, cigarettes, or adverse effects of medications such as corticosteroids, result in osteoporosis.AimThe proposed study intends to assess the role of hormonal changes and other related factors in the development of osteoporosis in women, as well as to highlight possible prevention and treatment options, such as nutritional supplementation and antioxidant strategies.MethodsThe signs and symptoms of osteoporosis include decreased bone mass and bone microarchitecture deterioration, resulting in an increased fragility of bone and greater susceptibility to fractures. A reduction in estrogen in postmenopausal women increases the activity of osteoclasts, leading to an increase in bone resorption and progressive bone loss. During this process, two kinds of cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, which are rigorously coordinated by various cytokines and hormones, are balanced. The primary component is the superoxide radical, which is one of the highly reactive species that osteoblasts must replenish when osteoclasts create tiny holes. This study contains a brief outline of the awareness of the mechanism for the reversal of bone loss, gender-, physiological-, and age-related skeletal osteopenia resulting in osteoporosis, and the function of antioxidants in bone repair and in bone loss.SummaryThis review is the report of a systematic review on the pervasiveness of osteoporosis worldwide.