Influence of physiological seed quality on soybean crop performance

Abstract

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a key global crop due to its nutritional value and role in food security. Successful crop production is closely linked to the rapid and uniform germination and emergence of seedlings, which is strongly influenced by seed physiological quality, particularly seed vigor. Reduced seed quality can be costly for farmers, as it may lead to lowered plant density and negatively impact crop growth and yield, especially under adverse field conditions. This study evaluated the influence of soybean seed physiological quality on seedling establishment, plant growth, physiological response, and grain yield across three locations and two growing seasons in Alabama. Seeds with high, medium, and low vigor were obtained via artificial accelerated aging, then tested under field conditions. Results showed that seed vigor had its strongest influence during the early stages of crop establishment. Low‐vigor seed delayed seedling emergence, reduced plant population, and increased spacing between plants. However, seed quality had limited and inconsistent effects on vegetative growth and physiological parameters. Grain yield was not significantly affected by seed vigor, demonstrating the compensatory capacity of modern soybean varieties even under reduced plant density. Overall, high seed vigor is essential for achieving rapid, uniform emergence, and adequate plant density, minimizing crop establishment risks across environments.