Frecuencia de factores de riesgo para enfermedad renal crónica en adultos atendidos en una unidad de medicina familiar

Abstract

Objective: To identify the frequency of factors associated with chronic kidney disease in the adult population attending a primary care unit. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a Family Medicine Unit of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. A total of 245 patients older than 18 years were included through non-probability convenience sampling. Data was obtained through direct interviews and review of electronic medical records. Sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables were analyzed and grouped into susceptibility factors, initiation factors, and progression factors or established kidney damage. Kidney function was assessed using the estimated glomerular filtration rate, calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Descriptive statistics were performed using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, or medians and interquartile ranges, according to the distribution of the variables. Results: The mean age was 57.7±13.8 years, and 62.4% of the participants were women. Among susceptibility factors, the most frequent were age ≥60 years (50.6%), low educational attainment (58.0%), low socioeconomic status (33.1%), and a family history of chronic kidney disease (11.4%). Factors associated with disease onset included hypertension (74.3%), overweight/obesity (78.0%), hypertriglyceridemia (50.6%), diabetes mellitus (39.6%), hypercholesterolemia (24.9%), and hyperuricemia (9.0%). Regarding progression or established kidney damage, anemia was observed in 6.9% of participants, proteinuria in 2.0%, and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate in 6.9%. Conclusions: The study population had a high frequency of factors associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly cardiometabolic factors. Their identification in primary care is feasible using routinely available clinical and laboratory resources, representing an opportunity to strengthen early detection and prevention of kidney damage.