Blockchain-based distributed photovoltaic energy trading and settlement mechanism for traffic-oriented charging facilities

Abstract

Distributed photovoltaic (PV) prosumers near electric-vehicle charging hubs and other traffic energy facilities require a settlement mechanism that is transparent enough for audit, fast enough for short-interval operation, and safe enough for feeder constraints. This paper proposes a permissioned-blockchain trading and settlement mechanism in which smart meters and optional optical/roadside sensing inputs are validated by an edge oracle, local bids are cleared by a smart contract, and only hash anchors and settlement states are written on-chain. A network guard is introduced to reject trades that may aggravate voltage deviation or reverse-power-flow risk, while a fiat-bill mapping interface allows the resulting transaction credit to be reconciled with existing distribution-system-operator (DSO) billing. A 0.4-kV feeder case with 50 users, 26PV prosumers, and 12 flexible charging or battery nodes is used for validation. Compared with a utility-centric baseline and a public-chain-only implementation, the proposed mechanism increases local PV utilization from 71.6% to 88.4%, reduces average settlement latency to 5.6s, and lowers on-chain record cost by digest anchoring. The results indicate that blockchain can be useful for distributed PV settlement when it is coupled with metering verification, feeder-aware screening, and lightweight off-chain data management.