Dietary evaluation and assessments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory airway disease often accompanied by systemic inflammation, malnutrition, and muscle wasting. These factors exacerbate respiratory symptoms increase energy demands and reduce appetite creating a vicious cycle that worsens patient outcomes. This review examines the role of nutritional assessment and dietary interventions in COPD management, focusing on their integration into pulmonary rehabilitation programs. A narrative review of recent literature was conducted, synthesizing evidence on nutritional screening tools (e.g., PG-SGA, MUST), key macronutrients and micronutrients, dietary patterns (particularly the Mediterranean diet), antioxidants, and the impact of malnutrition on disease progression. Malnutrition affects approximately 20–25% of COPD patients and is linked to muscle loss, reduced exercise capacity, frequent exacerbations, and higher mortality. Balanced high-protein diets (with adequate energy intake), antioxidants (vitamins C, E, D, carotenoids), and anti-inflammatory nutrients help preserve muscle mass, improve lung function, and reduce symptoms. Screening tools like PG-SGA and MUST effectively identify at-risk patients. Pulmonary rehabilitation provides an optimal setting for multidisciplinary nutritional support, leading to better quality of life, fewer hospitalizations, and improved recovery. Regular nutritional evaluation and individualized dietary interventions are essential in COPD care. Incorporating trained dietitians into multidisciplinary teams and promoting accessible, cost-effective nutrition strategies can significantly enhance disease control and patient outcomes. Further research is needed on long-term implementation and