Sustainability Assessment and Operational Performance of Community-Based Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Waste Processing Sites (TPS3R): A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Background: The growing complexity of municipal solid waste management, particularly in developing countries, has highlighted the need for integrated approaches that combine sustainability principles with operational effectiveness. Objective: This study aimed to systematically synthesize the literature on the sustainability assessment and operational performance of Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Reduce, Reuse, dan Recycle (TPS3R) within the framework of community-based waste management. Methods: This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the PRISMA framework. Relevant studies published between 2017 and 2026 were identified from Scopus and Web of Science using keywords related to TPS3R, community-based waste management, the circular economy, sustainability assessment, and operational performance. Of the 1,338 records identified, 42 studies met the eligibility criteria. Results: The findings showed that TPS3R sustainability was multidimensional, encompassing environmental, economic, social, institutional, and technical dimensions. Environmental performance was generally reflected in waste reduction, landfill diversion, and material recovery, whereas economic sustainability remained a major challenge because of limited revenue generation, weak market integration, and dependence on external funding. Operational indicators, such as processing efficiency, material recovery rates, and cost-effectiveness, significantly influenced overall system sustainability. The review also revealed that governance coordination, community participation, standardized performance indicators, and digital waste management technologies were critical factors in improving TPS3R performance. Conclusion: Unlike previous studies that assessed individual dimensions, this study proposed an integrated analytical framework linking sustainability dimensions with operational performance indicators. This framework provides a foundation for benchmarking, policy development, and future research on sustainable and scalable TPS3R systems.