Explainable AI, Augmented Reality and Metaverse Convergence in Smart City: Technologies, Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Disruptive technologies such as the Metaverse, Augmented Reality (AR), and Explainable AI (XAI) are driving future transformation and are increasingly used by computers to provide data‐driven solutions for smart city challenges like power, transportation, healthcare and education. However, a significant number of automated systems suffer from a loss of control over decision interpretability, making it difficult for people to understand and trust their outputs. This review paper aims to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the concepts, characteristics, and uses of XAI, AR, and the Metaverse in the context of smart cities, including a detailed examination of their applications, problems and solutions. It also seeks to offer a comprehensive examination of the latest research in this area to direct future studies. To achieve this, 145 articles published over the past decade were meticulously analysed. A qualitative assessment was also conducted utilising the Delphi technique to evaluate the examined literature. The main outcome of this research establishes that XAI, AR, and the Metaverse are interrelated components that drive smart city development by offering transparency, improving user experiences, and promoting cooperation and decision‐making. Furthermore, these technologies are identified as essential for automated systems, public data security, decision interpretability, and remote connection with people, bringing the world closer to a global village.