Marine Fish-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Nutritional Pathways Toward Human Health Benefits

Abstract

Marine fish-derived bioactive compounds have emerged as pivotal agents in bridging nutrition and therapeutic innovation, offering multifaceted health benefits through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory mechanisms. This review synthesises current evidence on omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA), bioactive peptides, polysaccharides, and micronutrients from marine fish, emphasising their roles in modulating critical pathways such as PPAR activation, Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses, and gut microbiota interactions. These compounds demonstrate efficacy in mitigating chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, while addressing nutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin D and selenium). However, challenges persist in optimising bioavailability, standardising extraction protocols, and validating clinical efficacy, necessitating advanced technologies like nanoencapsulation and omics-based approaches. The integration of fish bioactive compounds into functional foods aligns with global trends in preventive nutrition; however, sustainability concerns highlight the need for scalable aquaculture practices and the valorisation of underutilised species. Emerging research underscores the potential of AI-driven discovery, biotechnological production, and circular economy strategies to enhance therapeutic accessibility and ecological sustainability. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms, translational applications, and regulatory considerations, offering a roadmap for future studies to bridge preclinical findings with commercial and clinical implementation. By addressing existing gaps in dose-response relationships, long-term safety, and synergistic effects, marine fish bioactive compounds can solidify their role in personalised medicine and sustainable food systems.