Architecture and Social Capital: A Study of the Impact of “Spatial Layout Design” in Facilitating Bonding Capital in Urban Middle-Income Housing Scheme in Suburban Colombo

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Colombo has accelerated the development of medium- and high-density housing for the growing middle-income population. While these developments emphasize spatial efficiency and economic viability, limited attention has been given to how spatial layout influences everyday social interaction. This study examines the impact of spatial layout design on the formation of bonding social capital within middle-income housing environments.A mixed-method case study approach was adopted using the Viyathpura Housing Scheme in Pannipitiya, suburban Colombo. Data was collected through spatial layout analysis, circulation mapping, behavioural observations, questionnaire surveys, and informal interviews. An analytical framework comprising eight spatial and social parameters was used to examine the relationship between spatial configuration, movement patterns, and resident interaction.The findings reveal that everyday social interaction occurs primarily within circulation and transitional spaces, including corridors, entrances, and movement pathways, rather than in formally designated communal open spaces. These movement-based spaces encourage repeated encounters that gradually strengthen familiarity, trust, and neighbourly relationships. The study highlights the importance of integrating circulation networks and transitional spaces into housing design to promote socially responsive residential environments.