A Review on Real-Time Battery Management Systems for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles with Cell-Level Monitoring and Protective Alarming

Abstract

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles has significantly increased the demand for efficient and reliable energy storage systems. Among various energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the preferred choice for electric two-wheelers due to their high energy density, long service life, and superior charging characteristics. However, the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries remains a major challenge because they are highly sensitive to overcharging, deep discharge, excessive current flow, and abnormal temperature rise. These conditions can negatively affect battery performance, reduce operational life, and create serious safety risks.[1][2] A Battery Management System (BMS) plays a vital role in monitoring, protecting, and optimizing battery operation. Modern BMS technologies provide continuous supervision of cell voltage, current, temperature, State of Charge (SOC), and State of Health (SOH) while ensuring safe operation through various protection mechanisms[3][4]. Recent advancements in communication technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and cloud-based monitoring have further enhanced the capabilities of battery management systems[8][9]. This paper presents a comprehensive review of Battery Management Systems used in electric two-wheeler applications. Various battery monitoring techniques, cell balancing methods, fault diagnosis approaches, thermal management strategies, and intelligent battery management technologies are analyzed. The paper also discusses current research challenges and future developments that can improve the safety, efficiency, and reliability of electric vehicle battery systems.