Synoptic circulation patterns of snowy days in the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea and analysis of their vertical structure in different atmospheric levels

Mean Sea-Level Pressure Patterns during Springtime Strong Winds in Gangneung: Consistency with Principal Component Modes over the Korean Peninsula

Springtime strong winds on the east side of the Taebaek Mountains in Korea constitute a critical meteorological hazard that not only causes direct damage but also triggers serious secondary disasters such as rapid spread of wildfires, threats to aviation safety, and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants. To examine this...

Rapid intensification of Arabian Sea cyclonic storm and numerical simulation of ESCS Tauktae using the high-resolution ARW model

This study highlights the climatology of rapid intensification (RI) and rapid dissipation (RD) locations during 1990–2022 and suggests that RI and RD locations over the Arabian Sea (AS) have increased during 2012–2022. The results show that several RI locations occur within or near the 300-km offshore zone, highlightin...

ENSO-related variability in typhoon-induced high-wave exposure along the Guangdong coast

Typhoon-generated high waves are a recurrent coastal hazard along Guangdong, southern China, however, the extent to which the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can inform annual-scale coastal exposure remains uncertain. This study integrates hourly ERA5 wave and wind data (1979–2025) from six coastal-shelf grid poi...

The Formation Patterns of Tropical Cyclones in the Northwest Pacific and the Modulation Mechanisms of Their Environmental Fields

Tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) in the Northwest Pacific is strongly influenced by the interaction of large-scale oceanic and atmospheric environmental fields. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of TCG from 1991 to 2020 and examines the modulation mechanisms of major environmental factors. Tropic...

Shifting Patterns of Precipitation Extremes in the S outheast A tlantic Basin— B razil: From Observed Trends to Future Projections

Understanding the variability and evolution of precipitation extremes associated with climate change is essential to support adaptation strategies, risk management, and civil protection. In this context, this study investigates the climatology, observed trends, and future projections of precipitation extremes in the...

Climatological analysis of atmospheric rivers and their contribution to precipitation across Iran (1982–2020)