Emerging Trends in Synthesis, Characterization Studies, and Applications of Nanoparticles of Nickel with Copper, Palladium, and Cerium Metals – A Review

Abstract

Nickel-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles, particularly obtained in combination with copper, palladium, and cerium, have emerged as a promising class of materials in the fields of catalysis, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications. This review investigates their scientific significance by exploring their multifunctional properties, structural tunability, and broad technological potential. The objective of the study is to synthesize existing experimental research on synthesis techniques, structural characterization, and functional applications of Ni-based nano-alloys to identify performance trends, design strategies, and current research gaps. A systematic literature review methodology was employed, resulting in a final dataset comprising 107 peer-reviewed studies published between 2001 and 2024. Key themes include comparative analysis of physical, chemical, and green synthesis methods; advanced morphological, optical, magnetic, and electronic characterization; and application-specific insights in electrocatalysis, environmental degradation, and biosensing. The review reveals that the synthesis route and nanostructure architecture significantly influence performance metrics such as redox behaviour, stability, and surface reactivity. Trimetallic systems, although underexplored, show potential for hybrid applications due to synergistic effects. Challenges remain in scalability, long-term biocompatibility, and reproducibility, especially for green synthesis approaches. Future directions call for the integration of real-time characterization tools, machine learning-based synthesis prediction, and interdisciplinary collaborations to scale these materials for industrial and healthcare innovations in the field. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of compositional design in Ni-alloy nanoparticles and outlines pathways for advancing sustainable nanotechnology solutions.