Hollow Multishelled Structure: Precision Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Application

Abstract

Hollow multishelled structure (HoMS) integrates concentric shells, intershell voids and hierarchical interfaces into spatiotemporally ordered microenvironments that couple active-site exposure, mass transport and multistep reaction control. In this work, we compare sequential templating, hard- and soft-templating, template-free and emerging conversion routes, emphasizing control over shell number, spacing, composition, crystallinity and heterointerfaces. We then establish structure–performance relationships across the oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions as well as CO2 reduction, nitrate/nitric oxide reduction, alcohol oxidation and Li–S battery. Particular attention is given to confinement-enhanced reactant enrichment, directional transport, intershell electronic interactions and structural buffering, which collectively govern activity, selectivity and durability. Finally, we identify the key barriers to practical deployment: atomic-scale structural control, mechanistic resolution, scalable synthesis; we also outline design principles for translating HoMS from architecturally complex nanomaterials into efficient and robust electrocatalysts.