Prognostic value of lymph node ratio in children with wilms tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis
TL;DR
Higher LNR appears to be associated with poorer overall survival in children with WT and may serve as a useful prognostic indicator, while prospective studies are required to establish standardized clinical cut-offs and integrate LNR into formal risk-adapted protocols.
Abstract
Background Lymph node (LN) involvement is a critical determinant of staging and prognosis in Wilms tumor (WT). However, conventional binary nodal staging (positive vs. negative) is often compromised by significant variability in surgical lymph node sampling. The lymph node ratio (LNR), which integrates metastatic burden and sampling adequacy, has emerged as a potential prognostic alternative. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether LNR serves as an independent predictor of survival outcomes in children with WT. Methods A systematic query of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov was executed, covering the period from their earliest records through May 10, 2026. Retrospective cohort studies reporting hazard ratios (HRs) or risk ratios (RRs) for survival outcomes based on LNR in children with WT were included. Overall survival (OS) was the primary outcome; 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year OS were secondary outcomes. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed by LNR cutoff (≥0.40 vs. <0.40). Results Six retrospective cohort studies involving 4,190 patients met the inclusion criteria. High LNR was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (HR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.67–2.64). This prognostic significance persisted across secondary outcomes, including 5-year OS (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.11–1.17), 10-year OS (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.15–1.23), and 20-year OS (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.10–1.19). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant interaction based on the LNR cutoff (P = 0.74). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness and stability of the pooled findings. Conclusions Higher LNR appears to be associated with poorer overall survival in children with WT and may serve as a useful prognostic indicator. By accounting for both nodal disease burden and surgical effort, LNR may provide additional prognostic information beyond conventional nodal status. While LNR represents a valuable adjunct for individualized treatment decisions, prospective studies are required to establish standardized clinical cut-offs and integrate LNR into formal risk-adapted protocols. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420261396220.