Contemporary Strategies for Modulating Immune Response by Regulating the M1/M2 Macrophage Phenotype Balance through Cytokines and Growth Factors

Abstract

Skin wound healing is a cascade of complex biological processes that ensure tissue repair, one of the key mechanisms being macrophage polarization, which regulates the transition from a pro‑inflammatory to an anti‑inflammatory state. Disruptions in this process lead to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and delayed tissue recovery. Current research aimed at modifying the wound bed microenvironment through immunomodulation focuses on the use of cytokines and growth factors such as IL‑4, IL‑10, PDGF, VEGF, IGF‑1, FGF‑10, and others to modulate macrophage activity. All these biomolecules, when incorporated into nanomaterials and delivery systems, help accelerate healing, reduce scarring, and regulate inflammation. In oncology and inflammatory diseases, the possibility of switching macrophages between M1 and M2 phenotypes is also being studied to achieve therapeutic goals. The effectiveness of such approaches is enhanced by the use of modern carriers that ensure targeted delivery and controlled release of cytokines. This work reviews recent advances in the application of cytokines and growth factors incorporated into various systems to modulate macrophages and their phenotypes, as well as their use in developing personalized and effective treatments for various pathologies, particularly skin injuries.