Case Study on National Fuel Transition Strategies, a Five-Country Analysis of Alternative and Low-Carbon Energy Pathways

Abstract

As a critical enabler of global commerce, the maritime industry is under increasing pressure to significantly reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in line with international climate objectives. Currently, shipping accounts for nearly 3% of the world’s total emissions, positioning decarbonization as not just a regulatory obligation, but also an ethical and economic necessity. Recognizing this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious climate goals-most notably, a commitment to cut GHG emissions from ships by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels (International Maritime Organization [IMO], 2023). Meeting this target will require a sweeping transformation, including a shift toward low- and zero-carbon fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and next-generation biofuels. Moreover, the adoption of cleaner propulsion technologies, enhanced energy efficiency systems, and more sustainable operational practices will be crucial. This paper delves into the technological innovations, regulatory frameworks, and economic implications of maritime decarbonization, highlighting the importance of global coordination, consistent policy support, and active stakeholder engagement to achieve a just and sustainable energy transition in the shipping sector.