Comparative analysis of timber-framed structural systems across different regions: Seismic energy dissipation and controlled damage mechanisms

Abstract

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the seismic performance of traditional timber-framed structural systems developed in different geographical regions, including Hımış, Dhajji Dewari, Pombalino, Fachwerk, Casa Baraccata, and Chuandou. A literature-based assessment was conducted focusing on energy dissipation mechanisms, ductility characteristics, and damage development processes. The findings indicate that, despite regional and structural differences, these systems exhibit comparable behavioral tendencies under seismic loading. The observed behavior may be interpreted through a multi-stage response mechanism in which seismic demands are progressively distributed through infill materials, connection details, and secondary structural components. In this process, energy dissipation is achieved through the interaction of these elements rather than through the action of a single structural component. Based on the behavioral trends reported in the literature, this study proposes the concept of a “first seismic defense line” as a conceptual framework for interpreting the contribution of secondary components during the early stages of seismic response. Comparative observations suggest that infill elements play a significant role in the energy dissipation process of Hımış and Dhajji Dewari systems, whereas frictional behavior at connection interfaces is more prominent in Chuandou structures. The Pombalino system demonstrates a balanced interaction between stiffness and ductility, while the behavior of Fachwerk and Casa Baraccata systems is governed by frame–infill interaction and the integrated action of timber and masonry components. Overall, these traditional systems exhibit performance-oriented characteristics that are consistent with fundamental principles of modern earthquake engineering and provide valuable insights for contemporary seismic design.