Assessment of Vitamin D and Calcium Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background: Adequate insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity depend in part on sufficient vitamin D and calcium status; shortfalls in either nutrient is now widely documented among people living with diabetes. Objective: The aim was to quantify serum vitamin D and calcium concentrations among T2DM patients and explore their link with glycemic outcomes. Materials and Methods: The study Conducted across eight months from July, 2025 to February, 2026 at the Medicine Department, Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College Faisalabad, Pakistan, this cross-sectional analysis enrolled 180 confirmed T2DM cases through non-probability consecutive sampling. Results: Deficient vitamin D status was recorded in 54.4% of participants, insufficiency in 28.9%, and adequate levels in just 16.7%. Compared with the sufficient group, deficient patients carried notably lower mean serum calcium (8.6 ± 0.6 mg/dL vs 9.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL, p<0.001). HbA1c rose in step with worsening vitamin D status, moving from 6.9 ± 0.8% among sufficient patients up to 8.9 ± 1.2% among deficient ones, consistent with a significant inverse relationship between the two markers (p<0.001). Conclusions: Among T2DM patients, vitamin D deficiency occurs frequently, and hypocalcemia, though less pronounced is also common; both carry a statistically meaningful link to glycemic status.