TL;DR
This review explores the multidimensional regulatory roles of PD-1 in CD8⁺ T cells, with a focus on elucidating the diverse functions and clinical significance of PD-1⁺CD8⁺ T cells in cancer, chronic infections, and autoimmune diseases.
The molecular mechanisms governing PD-1 expression and signaling, its contribution to immune dysfunction in cancer and chronic diseases, and the potential implications of targeting the PD-1 axis to enhance both adaptive and innate antitumor immunity are discussed.
stem-like CD4 biology is presented as an emerging framework and established observations from working models are distinguished and established observations from working models are distinguished.
This emerging view frames exhaustion as a context-dependent extension of the memory program rather than its collapse, and highlights how these insights can inform new approaches to manipulate T cell fate for therapeutic benefit.
The regulatory mechanisms governing PD-1/PD-L1 expression in macrophages and their biological functions are summarized, the potential of PD-1+/PD-L1+ macrophages as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are discussed, and targeted intervention strategies for this macrophage subset are examined.
Research into basic PD-1 biology, together with the clinical picture of cancer patients treated with PD-1 blockade, converge to emphasize that PD-1 engages complex signaling networks to support T cell homeostasis, differentiation and immune responses. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the...
It is shown that the absence of Notch signal causes severe CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic LCMV infection and demonstrated that Notch signaling is essential to promote the differentiation of Tex progenitors into Tex effector-like cells.
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