Seeing Health, Feeling Well: The U-Shaped Curve of Later-age Psychological Well-being

Abstract

Self-rated health (SRH) is a well-established predictor of depressive symptoms, yet less is known about whether its association with mental health varies across later adulthood. This study examines how SRH relates to depressive symptoms among older adults and whether this relationship differs by age group. Data from Wave 5 of the Americans’ Changing Lives survey was used to analyze a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50 and older. Depressive symptoms are measured using an 11-item CES-D–based depressive symptoms index, and SRH is measured on a five-point self-assessment scale. Ordinary least squares regression models, including age-stratified analyses and interaction terms, are estimated while controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, and age. Results indicate a strong overall negative association between SRH and depressive symptoms. This being said, the strength of this relationship varies across age groups, forming a U-shaped pattern: it is strongest among adults aged 50–64, weakest among those aged 65–79, and strengthens again among adults aged 80 and older. These findings suggest that the association between perceived health and depressive symptoms is not uniform across later life stages. The study highlights the importance of considering age-specific contexts when assessing mental health risks among older adults.