Roe deer is highlighted as a key reservoir for Babesia spp.
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are increasingly threatening human and animal health in Europe, yet molecular data from wild mammals in Poland remain limited. This study investigated the prevalence of selected tick-borne pathogens in large wild mammals from Poland. Spleen samples from 315 animals including roe deer (
Capreolus capreolus
), European bison (
Bison bonasus
), wild boar (
Sus scrofa
), and grey wolves (
Canis lupus
) were collected between 2020 and 2024, and tested by PCR for the
Babesia
spp.,
Theileria
spp.,
Anaplasma
spp.,
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato, and
Rickettsia
spp., followed by sequencing.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
and
Babesia
spp. were each detected in approximately 6% of samples, whereas
Theileria
spp.,
Borrelia
spp. and
Rickettsia
spp. were absent. Roe deer showed the highest prevalence of
Babesia
spp., mainly
B. capreoli
, with occasional detections of
B. venatorum
.
A. phagocytophilum
was detected in all host species, with the highest prevalence in European bison. These results highlight roe deer as a key reservoir for
Babesia
spp. and demonstrate widespread circulation of
A. phagocytophilum
in Polish wildlife.
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