MRGPRX2 in Allergic and Immune-Mediated Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance, and Therapeutic Translation

Discovery of Pyrazolopyrimidines as Potent and Orally Bioavailable MRGPRX2 Antagonists

The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) mediates IgE-independent mast cell activation and is implicated in pseudoallergic drug reactions, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, neurogenic inflammation, and other mast cell-mediated disorders. Herein, we report the discovery of a pyrazolopyrimid...

NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors as Precision Anti-inflammatory Pharmacotherapy: Translational Advances, Clinical Evidence, and Disease-specific Challenges.

Monoacetyldiacylglycerols as emerging immunomodulatory lipids in chronic inflammation: mechanisms, biology, and translational potential

Chronic inflammatory diseases remain a major global health burden, with approximately 30–40% of patients responding inadequately to current cytokine-targeted biologics, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, or small-molecule immunomodulators. Beyond suboptimal efficacy, these therapies carry well-documented adverse effects, i...

Understanding the roles of interleukin-33: is there promise for therapeutic targeting?

INTRODUCTION IL-33 is a chromatin-associated alarmin of the IL-1 cytokine family involved in tissue homeostasis and immune responses following epithelial or endothelial injury. Although the IL-33/ST2 axis is an attractive therapeutic target, clinical outcomes with IL-33- or ST2-directed agents have varied across diseas...

Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a central signaling molecule that links the B-cell receptor (BCR), Fc receptors, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). By coordinating signaling in B cells, mast cells, macrophages, and other immune cells, BTK occupies an important position in cutaneous immune responses. BTK inhibitors (BTKis)...

S100 proteins in kidney disease: Inflammatory biomarkers, pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic prospects (Review).

The S100 protein family, particularly the calprotectin heterodimer S100A8/A9, is increasingly recognized as both an inflammatory readout and a context‑dependent mediator of kidney injury. Selected extracellular S100 proteins function as damage‑associated molecular patterns released during cellular stress, leukocyte act...