Multi-Layered Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis: Emerging Mechanisms and Implications for Nutritional and Stress-Resilient Crops.

Abstract

Anthocyanins are pivotal pigments in plants, imparting vivid coloration and providing substantial nutritional and ecological benefits. While classical reviews have largely focused on biosynthetic enzymes, emerging evidence highlights a multi-layered regulatory architecture that integrates transcriptional control, chromatin state, intracellular transport, hormonal signalling, and environmental cues. In this review, we integrate current knowledge of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 regulatory complex together with emerging mechanisms involving chromatin dynamics, DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, protein modifications, nutrient signalling, and stress-responsive pathways that collectively fine-tune anthocyanin accumulation. Emphasizing future prospects, we propose anthocyanin-rich plants as strategic targets for enhancing nutritional quality, expanding market value, and improving stress resilience. By synthesizing current breakthroughs and future directions, this review elucidates a comprehensive and forward-looking framework that extends beyond conventional anthocyanin research, aiming to inspire innovative approaches in crop improvement and functional food development.