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Review Open access

MRI advances in neurodegenerative disease diagnostics

Jul 2026 · Clinical and Fundamental Medicine · Vol 2, pp. 36-47 · 0 citations · 16 references

Abstract

Early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases remains essential for improving patient management because pathological brain changes often precede clinical manifestations. This review evaluates the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early detection and characterization of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease. The objective was to analyse recent advances in conventional and advanced MRI techniques and their contribution to diagnostic accuracy. A comprehensive literature review was performed focusing on structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, susceptibility-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based image analysis. The reviewed evidence indicates that advanced MRI techniques can identify microstructural, functional, and metabolic abnormalities before overt brain atrophy becomes apparent, while AI improves image interpretation, disease classification, and prognostic assessment. The novelty of this review is the integration of advanced MRI modalities with AI-based analytical approaches into a unified framework for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. These findings support the growing role of multiparametric MRI as a biomarker platform for early diagnosis, disease differentiation, and personalized clinical management, although further standardization and multicenter validation are required for routine clinical implementation. Ранняя диагностика нейродегенеративных заболеваний остаётся ключевым фактором в улучшении ведения пациентов, поскольку патологические изменения в мозге часто возникают ещё до появления клинических симптомов. В этом обзорном исследовании оценивается роль магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) в раннем выявлении и характеристике болезни Альцгеймера, болезни Паркинсона, рассеянного склероза, лобно-височной деменции и болезни Хантингтона. Цель работы – проанализировать современные достижения в области традиционных и перспективных методов МРТ и их влияние на диагностическую точность. Был проведён комплексный обзор литературы с акцентом на структурную МРТ, диффузионно-тензорную визуализацию, функциональную МРТ, визуализацию с учётом магнитной восприимчивости, магнитно-резонансную спектроскопию и анализ изображений на основе искусственного интеллекта (ИИ). Представленные данные свидетельствуют, что перспективные методы МРТ позволяют выявлять микроструктурные, функциональные и метаболические нарушения ещё до появления заметной атрофии мозга, а ИИ способствует улучшению интерпретации изображений, классификации заболеваний и прогнозированию. Новизна обзорного исследования заключается в интеграции перспективных модальностей МРТ с методами анализа на основе ИИ в единую платформу для ранней диагностики нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Эти результаты подтверждают возрастающую роль многопараметрической МРТ как платформы биомаркеров для ранней диагностики, дифференциации заболеваний и персонализированного ведения пациентов, хотя для внедрения в рутинную клиническую практику требуется дальнейшая стандартизация и проверка в многоцентровых исследованиях.

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