Selenium in Muesli: Nutritional Content, Consumer Awareness, and Public Health Implications in Latvia

Abstract

Selenium is an essential trace element for antioxidant defense and immune health, but intake in Latvia is low due to selenium-poor soils. This study evaluated selenium content in muesli products available in Latvia and assessed consumer awareness to support the development of high-selenium muesli. From 102 identified cereals, 28 met the inclusion criteria. Selenium content, estimated from ingredient lists, ranged from 5.5 to 11.2 µg 100 g-1, contributing a mere 3-7% of the recommended daily intake per serving. Notably, no products contained Brazil nuts, a primary selenium source. Analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between selenium levels and total sugar content (ρ = -0.604, p < 0.001). A survey of 1,729 respondents indicated moderate awareness of soil deficiencies (60.1%), yet revealed limited knowledge regarding specific health claims and personal selenium status; 37.3% could not identify selenium-rich foods. These findings demonstrate that current muesli products provide insufficient selenium, highlighting a clear opportunity for functional food reformulation and targeted consumer education to address public health gaps.