Comprehensive approaches to Traumatic Brain Injury: bridging physical, emotional, and social dimensions for global health care

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant global health issue, affecting millions annually and resulting in physical, cognitive, emotional, and social challenges. While medical management, including neurosurgical interventions and rehabilitation, is well-documented, the emotional, psychological, and social dimensions of TBI remain underexplored. This gap in understanding hinders the development of holistic approaches to care. Method This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, synthesizing existing literature to analyze the multifaceted impacts of TBI, as a narrative review rather than a systematic review; no formal search protocol, study screening, or quality appraisal was applied. Special focus is placed on the long-term consequences for individuals, families, and healthcare systems, with particular attention to the disparities faced by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Result This narrative synthesis highlights the pervasive effects of TBI on quality of life, including persistent emotional and social challenges that are often overlooked in standard care practices. Drawing on this synthesis rather than on original data, we argue that current global health strategies inadequately address these dimensions, particularly in LMICs, where access to long-term rehabilitation and integrated care is limited and varies substantially across settings. Conclusion A more comprehensive approach to TBI management is essential, one that integrates physical, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. Addressing these aspects through improved global health strategies can enhance recovery outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with TBI and their caregivers, particularly in resource-constrained settings.