Manifold-Constrained Noise Optimization for Diverse Diffusion Sampling

Abstract

Few-step distilled diffusion models generate high-quality images quickly, but often lose per-prompt diversity, producing near-identical samples across random seeds. Optimizing the initial noise at inference time offers an appealing way to recover this diversity, yet existing methods directly update the initial noise in an unconstrained Euclidean space, ignoring both the geometry of the Gaussian prior and the model's sensitivity to noise frequencies. They therefore introduce auxiliary quality-control objectives to maintain generation fidelity, adding compute and weighting hyperparameters while still requiring conservative updates to prevent degradation. In this work, we propose MoNO, a training-free method that performs Manifold-constrained Noise Optimization on a low-dimensional, quality-stabilizing noise manifold. MoNO sequentially optimizes each new initial noise so that its predicted visual feature complements previous generations, while Riemannian updates on an affine low-frequency sphere preserve prior likelihood and fix unstable high-frequency components by construction. This enables large geodesic steps, removes the need for auxiliary quality-control objectives, and converges in far fewer iterations than prior noise-optimization methods. Experiments with multiple distilled text-to-image diffusion models show that MoNO consistently improves per-prompt diversity while maintaining image quality.