This paper proposes an LLM-driven approach to automating the development of app-specific voice assistants by repurposing GUI test code, which encodes behavior-preserving, executable specifications of application functionality.
Abstract
Voice assistants are widely deployed on mobile platforms, yet most are designed as system-level services that remain poorly aligned with application-specific behavior. As a result, enabling voice interaction at the app level requires developers to manually reimplement application logic, leading to high development and maintenance costs. We propose an LLM-driven approach to automating the development of app-specific voice assistants by repurposing GUI test code, which encodes behavior-preserving, executable specifications of application functionality. In this paper, we present a perspective in which large language models reinterpret GUI tests as bridges between application behavior and conversational interaction. By transforming test methods into app-specific VA artifacts, such as voice intents, capability descriptions, and executable action plans, our approach grounds voice assistants directly in existing application logic rather than external specifications. We illustrate this vision through AppVA, a research prototype on Android. Our preliminary results across five open-source applications suggest that GUI test code can be reused beyond testing, enabling the synthesis of app-specific voice assistants and highlighting a broader research direction at the intersection of software testing, interaction design, and LLM-enabled automation.
A reverse engineering technique is presented for extracting a behavioural model of a deployed chatbot through the automated exploration of its functionality via Large Language Models through the automated exploration of its functionality via Large Language Models.
Iván Sotillo del Horno, Alejandro del Pozzo, Esther Guerra et al.· SN Computer Science· 0 citations
Agentic IDEs are among the most significant innovations in software engineering, aiming to accelerate application development through LLM-based agents that can assist developers during development. However, their evaluation in end-to-end development tasks involving the generation of complete applications remains limited. To fill this gap, we propose a rigorous comparative analysis of three popular agentic IDEs (Copilot, Cursor, and Windsurf) in the generation of five full-stack Web applications from scratch. Results show high maturity in the generation of established patterns, such as CRUD operations and authentication features. In contrast, the generation of less common distributed architectures, such as a task queue architecture, produces significantly more errors. Overall, results show that Agentic IDEs cannot replace developers but shift their role toward building software by orchestrating LLM-based agents through natural-language instructions and iterative refinement. Yet, each agentic IDE shows its peculiarities, although differences are narrow.
Manuel Marceca, Maria Teresa Rossi, Leonardo Mariani· 0 citations
Mobile GUI agents can operate apps through pixel perception and touch actions, making them a promising interface for collecting and improving long-horizon mobile interaction policies. However, real trajectories are difficult to obtain for sensitive apps and privacy-critical operations. At the same time, existing simulated environments are costly to scale up, and GUI world models still suffer from unstable generation, limited modality coverage, and inconsistent action-transition logic. To address these limitations, we propose AppDeltaWorld, a transition-grounded delta code world model that predicts the next GUI as a reachable code update rather than as an unconstrained image or text description. AppDeltaWorld retrieves app-specific Level-1 HTML references under an action-transition constraint, generates Level-2 executable HTML conditioned on the current screen, action, predicted next-screen text, and retrieved structure, and inserts generated visual assets into image slots before browser rendering. As a world model, AppDeltaWorld achieves the highest fidelity on CMGUIBench-500 under Code2World evaluation, with clear gains in structural layout and UI element reconstruction over image-only and code-only baselines. As a training environment, AppDeltaWorld supports filtered closed-loop SFT data construction that, when combined with public supervision, enables AppDeltaAgent to achieve state-of-the-art performance on AndroidLens and consistent gains on MobileGym and MobileWorld. Moreover, world-model-based test-time reinforcement learning enables policy adaptation and shows further improvements without additional interaction with real apps.
Weikai Xu, Yu Feng, Haoxiang Lei et al.· 0 citations
The resulting prototype confirms that a cloud-hosted multimodal LLM, when combined with a minimal and well-structured web stack, can serve as a practical foundation for next-generation digital assistants suitable for customer support, education, and personal productivity applications.
G. Vamsi, Vinay Kumar Male· International Scientific Jou...· 0 citations
Large Language Model (LLM) agents have moved beyond generating responses to executing multi-step tasks by calling tools, observing the results, and iteratively deciding the next action. Most agent systems run on desktops or servers, which support tool use and task automation. Mobile devices are also important agent environments because they are widely accessible and contain users'data, sensors, and daily-use applications. Existing mobile agents mainly operate smartphones through graphical user interface (GUI) actions such as tapping, swiping, and typing, which often form long, interface-dependent sequences, cannot directly access device capabilities, and make execution boundaries difficult to define. We present \textbf{PalmClaw}, an open-source agent framework that runs natively on mobile phones and manages the sessions, memory, skills, tools, and agent loop directly on the device. PalmClaw exposes device capabilities as device tools with explicit arguments, structured results, and clearly defined execution boundaries. This design enables agents to use mobile capabilities directly while keeping each action explicit and controlled. Experiments show an 11.5\% relative improvement in task success and a 94.9\% reduction in completion time over the strongest baseline, with lower setup burden and traces illustrating how execution boundaries are applied. Code is available at https://github.com/ModalityDance/PalmClaw.
Hongru Cai, Yongqi Li, Ran Wei et al.· 0 citations
Terminal User Interfaces (TUIs) combine the stateful, screen-oriented behaviour of GUIs with terminal deployment and are now common in developer tools. Yet they lack a dedicated testing methodology. We survey 197 real-world TUI applications: only 12% of test code exercises the interface, and 45% of those tests never send input, checking a static frame instead. We turn these applications into a headless benchmark spanning ratatui/Rust, bubbletea/Go, textual/Python, and ink/TypeScript, packaging each as an instrumented Docker image. We record line and widget coverage where reliable, rendered terminal states, and crashes. Under equal wall-clock budgets, we compare four frontier LLMs with random exploration. No model dominates. Random is a strong time-budgeted baseline, but its crash advantage comes from higher throughput: per interaction, LLM guidance is more efficient and uniquely reaches input-gated faults. Automatically deriving launch inputs yields the largest practical gain, enabling applications that otherwise never start. Line coverage poorly predicts crash discovery, weakening it as a proxy for test effectiveness. Automated TUI testing is feasible but far from solved, and honest baselines matter more than model choice. We release the coverage tool tuicov at https://github.com/tui-testing/tuicov and the testing framework tuibot at https://github.com/tui-testing/tuibot.
Chao Peng, Ruida Hu, Ajitha Rajan et al.· 0 citations