Comparative Decision-Making Analysis of EV Battery Thermal Management Strategies and Smart V2G Protocols for Mitigating Long-Term Degradation in Tropical Climates

Abstract

The accelerated degradation of Lithium-ion batteries in high ambient temperature environments poses a significant barrier to the longevity and economic viability of Electric Vehicles (EVs) operating in tropical climates. Furthermore, the integration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies introduces additional micro-cycling wear, creating a highly complex degradation paradigm that has yet to be fully quantified over multi-decade lifespans. The objective of this study is to systematically quantify the long-term degradation trajectories, internal resistance growth, and corresponding economic efficiency impacts of combined thermal and grid-interaction strategies. The methodology utilizes a discrete-time, semi-empirical aging model developed in the MATLAB environment to simulate battery State of Health (SoH), internal ohmic resistance accumulation, and electrical efficiency waste over an exhaustive 15-year operational horizon. The mathematical model evaluates three distinct operational frameworks: Passive Air Cooling, Active Liquid Cooling, and a novel Liquid Cooling architecture integrated with a Smart Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) protocol, all subjected to oscillating ambient tropical temperatures ranging from 20°C to 40°C. The results demonstrate that reliance on passive air-cooling leads to a premature automotive End-of-Life (EOL) at exactly 7.27 years, failing to meet standard industry warranties.