Low-cost modular IoT gateway with LLM-assisted design-time firmware generation

Case Study on Existing IoT Platform and Approach for Local IoT Platform

—The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm facilitating the interconnection of physical objects and devices via the internet, enabling data collection and exchange. As the adoption of IoT continues to grow, the need for a deep understanding of IoT platforms becomes crucial. This paper provides an overview of the IoT architecture, comparing leading IoT platform such as AWS and Microsoft Azure vendor. The objective is to understand the overall architecture of these platforms and explore their main cores for potential customization in developing a proprietary IoT platform. Additionally, the study includes selecting a GPS device to get location for testing Asset Tracking in the platform as proof-of-concept, using an ESP32 acts as a communication gateway, and the software implementation is Arduino IDE. The research concludes by laying the groundwork for a case study, examining an existing IoT platform, and proposing an approach to develop an IoT platform based on local specific needs.

Multi-Device IoT Integration Using an API-Based Modular Architecture for Environmental Monitoring Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) has increasingly played a significant role in the development of adaptive and real-time environmental monitoring systems. However, integrating multiple IoT devices remains challenging due to variations in data transmission intervals, communication protocols, and processing capabilities across devices. These differences often complicate system interoperability and data management within a unified monitoring platform. To address this issue, this study proposes an API-based modular architecture as a solution for integrating heterogeneous IoT devices in environmental monitoring systems. The proposed architecture separates core system functions into independent modules, including data acquisition, device management, and data visualization. The proposed architecture is evaluated through a multi-device environmental monitoring implementation configured with different logging intervals in order to assess communication performance and data consistency. The novelty of this study lies in its architectural approach to handling heterogeneous data transmission intervals in multi-device IoT environments using a modular API-based design. The experimental results indicate that the average communication latency is approximately 200ms, while the average daily data logging volume exceeds 3,500 entries per device. Furthermore, analysis of logging interval variations shows a time deviation of less than 3 seconds, which remains within the acceptable range for real-time environmental monitoring applications. The results demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves success rate of over 97%, confirming the reliability of the proposed API-based modular architecture. Overall, the findings suggest that the modular API-driven architecture not only improves the flexibility and scalability of multi-device IoT integration but also maintains reliable data consistency and efficient communication performance.

An API-Based Modular Architecture for Heterogeneous Multi-Device IoT Integration in Environmental Monitoring

IoT data notarization oracle on IOTA rebased: performance and cost evaluation on edge deployments

Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) can enhance trust and auditability in the Internet of Things (IoT). Among them, IOTA has been specifically designed to support machine-to-machine interactions and IoT data anchoring through scalable DLT architectures. However, their integration with Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) remains limited due to device constraints, strict timing requirements, and the operational costs of on-chain transactions. The transition from the fee-less Stardust to the fee-based IOTA Rebased model introduces explicit transaction costs, questioning the viability of continuous IoT data anchoring. IOTA provides a suitable platform to examine the challenges of integrating distributed ledger technologies with LPWAN-based IoT systems. Its transition to a fee-based execution model raises important questions regarding cost predictability and performance in continuous data anchoring scenarios, particularly under the constraints of resource-limited and latency-sensitive environments. This article investigates the practicality of the execution and payment model introduced by IOTA Rebased for IoT scenarios requiring continuous data notarization. We provide an empirical evaluation of continuous IoT data notarization on the public IOTA Rebased Mainnet and characterize the performance implications on edge-oriented deployments, including resource-constrained and resource-rich devices. We implement a notarization oracle that ingests LoRaWAN uplinks from The Things Network (TTN), canonicalizes payloads, generates SHA-256 commitments, and records them on-chain through reusable notarization objects. The oracle enables continuous anchoring of IoT telemetry while minimizing transaction overhead through object reuse. Two 24-h experimental campaigns compare a notarization oracle on resource-constrained and resource-rich hardware under periodic workloads. Results show consistent steady-state gas consumption for UPDATE operations, indicating that object reuse enables stable on-chain cost behavior in IOTA Rebased regardless of the deployment platform. From a performance perspective, both environments achieve stable execution; however, the resource-constrained edge deployment exhibits higher median and tail latency, alongside tighter memory margins compared to the resource-rich centralized baseline. These findings confirm the feasibility of deploying notarization services on constrained edge infrastructure under the new fee-based model.

Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Smart Home System Using the Matter Protocol

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly accelerated the development of smart home systems, enabling automation, energy efficiency, and enhanced user experience. However, the lack of interoperability among heterogeneous devices and platforms remains a major challenge, resulting in fragmented ecosystems and limited scalability. To address these issues, the Matter protocol has emerged as a unified, IP-based connectivity standard for smart home environments. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the Matter protocol, including its architecture, communication mechanisms, and security model. A practical IoT-based smart home system is designed and implemented using ESP32 platforms and the Matter SDK. The system integrates multiple devices such as smart lighting, switches, smart plugs, and environmental sensors, supporting crossplatform interaction across different ecosystems. Experimental evaluation is conducted under real-world conditions, focusing on interoperability, latency, system stability, and security. The results show that the proposed system achieves reliable crossplatform compatibility, stable network performance, low communication latency, and secure device authentication. Additionally, the system maintains core functionality even under limited network conditions, demonstrating strong robustness. These findings confirm that the Matter protocol is a promising solution for building scalable, secure, and interoperable next-generation smart home systems.

Design and Deployment of an Open-Source Multi-Tenant IoT Cloud Architecture for Renewable-Energy Living Labs in Rwanda

The results show that heterogeneous IoT services can be hosted on modest local infrastructure while maintaining logical separation between Living Lab data and services, and offers a practical model for higher-education institutions and community-oriented renewable-energy initiatives in resource-constrained environments.