Prevalence and community awareness of atopic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic conjunctivitis) in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and community awareness of atopic diseases and to explore its associated factors among residents of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2026 among 404 residents of Al-Baha using a validated online questionnaire. Data were collected on demographics, self-reported symptoms of atopic diseases, awareness, and health-seeking behaviors. Results: Allergic rhinitis was the most commonly reported condition (53.5%), followed by eye allergies (38.6%), atopic dermatitis (25.7%), asthma (19.3%), and food allergies (17.1%). Physician-diagnosed rates were notably lower than self-reported symptoms. Positive family history was reported in 40.6% of participants and was significantly associated with eczema (p < 0.001). Eczema was also significantly associated with female gender, lower education level, and multiple allergic comorbidities. Awareness of asthma was high (85.6%), and dust was the most recognized trigger (89.4%), although gaps in knowledge and allergen identification were observed. Healthcare utilization was suboptimal, with only 37.9% of participants sometimes consulting a doctor when symptoms appeared, while 13.9% never sought medical care. In addition, 21.5% used allergy medications irregularly, 7.2% used them regularly, and 16.8% did not use any medication despite having symptoms. Conclusion: Atopic diseases were found to be highly prevalent in Al-Baha with significant underdiagnosis and gaps in healthcare utilization. Despite moderate awareness, improvements in public education, early detection, and allergy care services are needed to reduce disease burden and improve outcomes.