In-vitro Evaluation of 3D Bioprinted Alginate Membranes for Periodontal Regeneration: Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility and Drug Release Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Alginate-based hydrogel membranes are commonly used in periodontal applications due to their biocompatibility. Rosuvastatin (RSV), a lipid lowering drug is known for inducing osteoblastic differentiation by several studies. Aim: To assess the physical properties {using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), surface roughness, and contact angle} and drug release behaviour (via Franz Diffusion Method) of alginate-based 3D bioprinted membranes, with and without 1.2% RSV. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in Department of Periodontology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from September 2025 to November 2025. Two bioinks, including one with 1.2% RSV and other premade bioink CELLINK BONE®, were 3D printed into 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm membranes. Each bioink was incorporated with RSV calcium (18 mg - CELLINK BONE® and 12 mg - 6% Alginate). Membranes were printed in rectilinear and honeycomb patterns and crosslinked using 0.5% Calcium chloride. Physical properties, haemocompatibility and drug release were then evaluated. Results: SEM and FTIR analysis validated the formation and typical morphology of the 6% alginate membranes. The membranes were hydrophilic and haemocompatible, while the one with RSV had sustained drug release. However, the CELLINK BONE® membrane loaded with RSV was not structurally stable as it disintegrated after processing. Conclusion: The results indicate that both membranes are promising for their use in Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR), serving as scaffolds as well as local drug delivery systems.