Single-Exponential FPT Algorithms for Minimum Bisection and Matching Cut via a New Unbreakable Decomposition

Abstract

Minimum Bisection asks whether the vertices of a graph can be partitioned into two parts whose sizes differ by at most one and with at most k edges between the two parts. Cygan, Lokshtanov, Marcin Pilipczuk, Micha{\l} Pilipczuk, and Saurabh (SICOMP 2019) gave the first fixed-parameter algorithm, which runs in O*(2^(O(k^3))) time, by introducing an unbreakable decomposition. Cygan, Komosa, Lokshtanov, Marcin Pilipczuk, Micha{\l} Pilipczuk, Saurabh, and Wahlstr\"om (TALG 2021) strengthened the decomposition and improved the running time to O*(2^(O(k log k))). However, whether the running time could be improved to single-exponential remained open. In this paper, we give a deterministic O*(2^(O(k)))-time algorithm for Minimum Bisection. Our algorithm also counts all feasible bisections. To obtain an O*(2^(O(k)))-time algorithm, we introduce two new techniques. First, we give a new algorithm that computes a (2k,k)-edge-unbreakable decomposition with adhesion at most 2k in O*(2^(O(k))) time by relaxing the unbreakability and adhesion guarantees of the decomposition in (TALG 2021). Second, we improve the running time of the dynamic program over the decomposition from O*(2^(O(k log k))) to O*(2^(O(k))) using important cuts, inclusion-exclusion, and formal logarithms and exponentials. Together with color coding, the same techniques give a deterministic O*(2^(O(k)))-time algorithm for Matching Cut, which asks for a cut whose crossing edges form a matching. This improves the O*(2^(O(k log k)))-time algorithm of Aravind and Saxena (IWOCA 2021).