An Updated Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Plant-derived Compounds as Natural Anti-diabetic Agents against Multidrug-resistant Pathogens
Abstract
Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetic multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens has reduced the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, highlighting the need for alternative therapies such as Ayurveda-derived plant bioactive compounds. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the potential of Ayurveda plant-derived natural bioactive compounds in combating diabetic multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens amid the growing global threat of antibiotic resistance. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of previous literature was conducted to examine the antibacterial efficacy of plant-derived bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action against resistant pathogens. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including major plant materials and bioactive compounds, bacteriophages, nanotechnology, CRISPR-Cas systems, and probiotics, were also reviewed. Results: Plant-derived compounds demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against MDR pathogens, including Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci. These pathogens are responsible for infections that are increasingly difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics such as antifungal, antibacterial, and antiparasitic agents. Resistance mechanisms include efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, and target site modification. Bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, essential oils, and polysaccharides contribute to antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Medicinal plant-derived compounds hold strong potential as alternative therapeutic agents against diabetic multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, variability in phytochemical activity and limitations in clinical validation highlight the need for standardisation, advanced technologies, and well-structured clinical trials. Global collaboration is needed to translate plant-based compounds into approved clinical treatments. Emphasis on personalised medicine may further enhance the effectiveness of these therapies in targeting specific microorganisms. Major Findings: Medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds exhibit very strong antibacterial activity against diabetic multidrug-resistant microorganisms by targeting multiple resistance mechanisms, indicating their potential as effective alternative therapeutic options.